ABSTRACT. The objective was to evaluate the production of Megathyrsus maximus genotypes (Syn. Panicum maximum), under different levels of water in the soil. This was a 5x5 factorial completely randomized design conducted in a greenhouse, combining five genotypes of M. maximus (B55, C10 and PM30, cv. Massai and cv. BRS Tamani) and five levels of soil field capacities (20%, 40%, 60%, 100% and 140%), with three replications. Dry matter production was evaluated: leaf, stem, dead material, root, shoot and total dry matters, as well as the number of tillers and leaf:stem and aboveground:root ratios. The qualitative factor (genotypes) was subjected to Duncan test at 5% probability. The quantitative factor (% field capacity) was subjected to regression, adopting 5% as a critical level of probability. There was no interaction between the factors for any of the evaluated characteristics. Significant differences among the genotypes were detected for tiller number, dead material dry mass, root and total dry mass and leaf:stem ratio. There was no significant effect of the percentage of field capacity on most of the characteristics, except for leaf:stem and aboveground:root ratios. Cultivar Massai showed the best forage production compared to the other genotypes, regardless of the percentage of field capacity evaluated. In general, the evaluated genotypes were more tolerant to excess water stress than to water deficit.

ABSTRACT In experiments with selection of perennial plants, the initial performance is expected to be maintained throughout the productive life. The probability of repeating the agronomic response can be evaluated by the repeatability coefficient. The objective was to estimate repeatability coefficients of agronomic characteristics in Panicum maximum Jacq. using different methods and identify the best combinations between harvests according to the genotypic stabilization. Seventeen genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The coefficients of repeatability were estimated by the methods: ANOVA, structural analysis based on the mean of the correlation coefficients (SACOR), analysis of principal components based on the covariance matrix (PCCOV) and correlation matrix (PCCOR). In the genotypic stabilization, coefficients estimated by ANOVA and PCCOR were used. For total DM, repeatability coefficients ranged from 0.3500 to 0.4300 by the ANOVA and PCCOR methods, respectively. High repeatability coefficients were found for the characteristic leaf DM, while low coefficients were observed for leaf and stem percentages and leaf:stem ratio. For the genotypic stabilization of total DM and leaf:stem ratio, the best coefficients were observed for the combination of harvests 5 to 8. There are variations in the estimate of repeatability by different methods and the highest coefficients were those of the principal components based on the correlation and covariance matrices. For the genotypic stabilization, the best coefficients of repeatability and determination were observed for the harvests performed in the second rainy period.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a herança da senescência retardada em milho. Foram realizados cruzamentos dialélicos parciais entre 50 linhagens e cinco testadores. Os 250 cruzamentos resultantes, além de seis híbridos comerciais utilizados como testemunhas, foram avaliados em oito ambientes, no delineamento látice simples 16x16, com duas repetições por ambiente. Os cruzamentos dialélicos foram analisados utilizando o método 4 do modelo 1 de Griffing, adaptado para múltiplos ambientes. A contribuição da capacidade geral de combinação (CGC) para a expressão do caráter "stay-green" (69,06%) foi maior que a da capacidade específica de combinação (CEC) (30,94%), evidenciando que os efeitos aditivos são mais importantes que os efeitos não aditivos na expressão deste caráter. Tanto a CGC como a CEC interagiram significativamente com o ambiente, indicando que a seleção para este caráter deve ser realizada com base nas médias de experimentos em diversos ambientes.

The objective of this research was to study the inheritance of delayed senescence in maize. Partial diallel crosses among 50 inbred lines and five testers were made. The 250 crosses, along with six commercial hybrids used as checks, were evaluated at eight environments in lattices 16x16 with two replications per environment. The diallel crosses were analyzed following the method 4 model 1 of Griffing, extended to multiple environments. The contribution of the general combining ability (CGA) for the expression of the stay-green trait (69.06%) was greater than the specific combining ability (SCA) (30.94%), showing that additive effects are more important than non-additive effects for the expression of this trait. Both GCA and SCA interacted significantly with the environments, indicating that the selection for this trait should be based on the means across environments.

A seleção de caracteres relacionados à tolerância à deficiência hídrica em milho tem sido objeto de interesse em programas de melhoramento, principalmente em virtude da ineficiência da seleção para produzir grãos nessas condições. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar parâmetros genéticos em duas populações de milho tropical. Foram avaliadas duas populações (denominadas D e U) com 256 progênies F2:3, no delineamento em látice 16 x 16 em sete ou nove ambientes e densidade populacional de 62.500 plantas ha-1. Diferenças significativas foram constatadas entre progênies (P), ambientes (A) e para a interação P x A em ambas as populações. Os coeficientes de herdabilidade em nível de médias de progênies variaram entre 73,52% para prolificidade na população D e 95,88% para florescimento feminino (FF) na população U. No caráter produção de grãos (PG) houve correlação genética significativa nas populações U e D, respectivamente, com prolificidade (0,79 e 0,88) e florescimento feminino (-0,76 e -0,44); na população U com florescimento masculino (-0,74) e; na população D com stay-green (-0,50). Não foi constatada correlação genética significativa entre PG e intervalo entre florescimentos (IF). Os parâmetros genéticos estimados sugerem que a utilização de índices de seleção que incluam, além de PG, caracteres como prolificidade, FF e SG na seleção de progênies sob condições normais de umidade, poderia propiciar o desenvolvimento de material com alta produtividade e boa tolerância a estresses hídricos.

The selection of drought tolerance related traits in maize has been object of interest in improvement programs, mainly in function of the selection inefficiency for grain yield on these conditions. The objective of this work was to estimate genetic parameters in two populations of tropical maize. Two populations (called D and U) with 256 F2:3 progenies had been evaluated in a 16x16 simple lattice, in seven and nine environments with population density of 62,500 plants ha-1. Significant differences were observed among line (P), environments (A) and for the P x A interaction in both populations. The heritability coefficients at progenies level average had varied between 73.52% for prolificacy in population D and 95.88% for female flowering (FF) in population U. Grain yield (PG) presented significant genetic correlation in populations U and D, respectively, with prolificacy (0,79 and 0.88) and female flowering (-0,76 and -0,44); in population U with male flowering (-0.74) and; in population D with stay-green (-0.50). No genetic correlation was observed between PG and anthesis-silking interval (IF). Estimated of genetic parameters suggest that the use of selection indices that include, besides PG, characters as prolificacy, FF and SG in the selection process under conditions of normal water supply, could lead to the development of cultivars with high grain yield and good drought tolerance.

This paper reports the effects of three cycles of reciprocal recurrent selection (RRS) on the means, genetic variances, and on the genetic correlations for several traits in the IG-1 and IG-2 maize (Zea mays L.) populations. Interpopulation full-sib progenies from cycle zero (C0) and from cycle 3 (C3) of RRS were evaluated in two locations. RRS was highly effective to improve the traits according the objectives of the program: grain yield and prolificacy increased significantly, while plant height, ear height, and ear placement decreased significantly. Genetic variances for all traits decreased significantly from C0 to C3, but the genetic correlations did not change consistently across the cycles of selection. The expected responses to the fourth cycle of RRS and the probability of selecting double-crosses from C3 that outperform those from C0 showed that the decreases in the genetic variances were not great enough to limit the continued improvement of the populations as well as the use of the improved populations as sources of inbred lines to develop commercial hybrids. However, if the magnitudes of the genetic variances continue to decrease, new sources of improved germplasm should be incorporated into both populations to allow the continued improvement of the interpopulation by RRS.

No melhoramento de milho (Zea mays L.), a utilização de cruzamentos dialélicos visando identificação de combinações superiores é uma prática comum. Esta metodologia visa estimar a capacidade de combinação dos materiais avaliados. Neste trabalho, cinco linhagens endogâmicas foram avaliadas quanto às capacidades gerais (CGC) e específica (CEC) de combinação, utilizando o esquema de dialelo completo. Os híbridos simples produzidos entre estas linhagens foram avaliados em sete ambientes, juntamente com duas testemunhas, tendo-se utilizado o delineamento de blocos casualizados. Avaliaram-se os caracteres: produção de grãos, altura da planta, altura da espiga, posição relativa da espiga e prolificidade. Realizou-se a análise dialélica, seguindo uma adaptação do método IV de Griffing, além das análises de estabilidade e adaptabilidade dos híbridos. Detectaram-se diferenças significativas para tratamentos e ambientes para todos os caracteres. A interação genótipos por ambientes foi significativa para maioria dos caracteres. As CGCs foram significativas para todos os caracteres, enquanto que a CEC foi não significativa apenas para posição relativa da espiga. Para o caráter produção de grãos, tanto os efeitos aditivos (CGC) quanto não aditivos (CEC) foram importantes, enquanto que para os demais caracteres, houve predominância dos efeitos aditivos. O híbrido mais produtivo foi obtido entre as linhagens L-08-05F e L-38-05D. Suas linhagens apresentaram elevadas CGCs e seu híbrido, elevada CEC, além de ter sido responsivo à melhoria das condições ambientais e razoavelmente estável. O segundo híbrido mais produtivo, L-46-10D x L-08-05F, mostrou ampla adaptabilidade e estabilidade.

The utilization of diallel crosses for identification of superior combinations is a common practice in maize (Zea mays L.) breeding programs. This methodology allows the estimation of the combining ability of genotypes being evaluated. In this work, five inbred lines were evaluated as to their general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining abilities, by using a complete diallel scheme. The single-crosses produced between these inbred lines were evaluated in seven environments, along with two checks, by using a randomized complete block design. Traits analized were: grain yield, plant height, ear height, ear placement, and prolificacy. A diallel analysis was carried out, following an adaptation of Griffing's method IV, in addition to hybrid stability and adaptability analyses. Significant differences were detected for entries and environments for all traits. The interaction genotype vs. environment was significant for all traits. GCA's were significant for all traits, while SCA's were non-significant only for ear placement. For grain yield, both additive (GCA) and non-additive (SCA) effects were important, while for the remaining traits additive effects were more important. The high yielding single-cross was obtained from the cross of lines L-08-05F and L-38-05D. Those inbred lines showed higher GCA's and their cross also had high SCA; also, it is responsive to environment improvements and reasonably stable. The second in rank high yielding single-cross, L-46-10D x L-08-05F, showed wide adaptability and stability.